"Accident" means an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft takes place between the time any person boards an aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time an aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time it comes to rest at the end of a flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which—
(a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as result of—
(i) being in such aircraft;
(ii) direct contact with any part of such aircraft, including parts which have become detached or are released therefrom; or
(iii) direct exposure to jet blast, rotor or propeller wake,
except when such injury is from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by any other person, or when such injury is to a stowaway hiding outside an area normally available to passengers and flight crew;
(b) an aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which—
(i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of such aircraft; and
(ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of an affected component,
except for engine failure or damage when the damage is limited to a single engine including its cowlings or accessories, propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tyres, brakes, wheels, fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as small dents or puncture holes), or for minor damages to main rotor blades, tail rotor blades, landing gear, and holes resulting from hail or bird strike (including holes in a radome); or
(c) an aircraft is still missing after an official search has been terminated and its wreckage has not been located; or
(d) an aircraft is in a place where it is completely inaccessible;
"Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC)" means circular containing information which does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP issued by the Director in terms of regulation 11.01.2;
"Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)" means a publication containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation;
"AIP Supplement (AIP SUP)" means the temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP which are published by means of special pages;
"Airmanship" means the consistent use of good judgment and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives;
"Alternate aerodrome" means an aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing, and includes a take-off alternate aerodrome, and en-route alternate aerodrome and a destination alternate aerodrome;
"Cloud ceiling" means the height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud situated below 20 000 feet and covering more than half the sky;
"Control area (CTA)" means a controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified height above the surface without an upper limit, unless an upper limit is specified as published in an AIP, AIC or NOTAM and designated as a control area;
"Controlled airspace" means an airspace of defined dimensions within which an air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification as prescribed in regulation 172.02.2;
"Control zone (CTR)" means a controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface to a specified upper limit as published in an AIP, AIC or NOTAM;
"Co-pilot" means a licensed, type-rated pilot required by these regulations to serve in any piloting capacity other than as PIC, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight instruction;
"Current flight plan" means the air traffic service flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances;
"Date of application", when used in connection with the issuing, renewal or re-issuing of a licence, certificate or rating, means the date on which the application is received in the prescribed form by the Director;
"Day" means the period of time from 15 minutes before sunrise to 15 minutes after sunset, sunrise and sunset being as given in the publication “Times of Sunrise, Sunset and Local Apparent Noon of the South African Astronomical Observatory” or in a similar publication issued by a recognised astronomical observatory;
"Flight" means from the moment an aircraft commences its take-off until the moment it completes its next landing;
"Flight time - Aeroplane" means the total time from a moment an aeroplane first moves for the purposes of taking off until a moment it finally comes to rest at the end of a flight;
"Infant" means a person who has not reached his or her second birthday;
"Instrument flight time" means a time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft, or a remote pilot is piloting a remotely piloted aircraft, solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points;
"Instrument ground time" means time during which a pilot is practicing on the ground simulated instrument flight in a FSTD approved by the Director;
"Instrument time" means instrument flight time or instrument ground time, as defined;
"Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)" means atmospheric conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, or ceiling, less than the minima prescribed for VFR flight in regulations 91.06.21 and 91.06.22;
"Light sport aeroplane (LSA)" means an aeroplane of which the maximum take-off mass and other classification parameters are defined in Document SA-CATS 24 as technical standard 24.01.2.0.1;
"Manoeuvring area" means that part of an aerodrome used for take-off, landing (including the runway strips) and taxiing of aircraft, excluding an apron;
Maximum certificated mass" means the maximum permissible mass shown in the AFM (Aircraft Flight Manual) or other document associated with the certificate of airworthiness at which an aircraft may commence its take-off under standard atmospheric conditions at sea level;
"Micro-light aeroplane" means an aeroplane of which the minimum flying speed and the maximum take-off mass have been restricted for classification purposes. The values of these restrictions are defined in Document SA-CATS 24;
"Nautical mile" means the length equal to 1 852 metres exactly;
"Night" means the period from 15 minutes after sunset to 15 minutes before sunrise, sunset and sunrise being as given in the publication “Times of Sunrise, Sunset and Local Apparent Noon of the South African Astronomical Observatory” or a similar publication issued by a recognised astronomical observatory;
"Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)" means a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure, or hazard, a timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations;
"Pilot-in-command" means the pilot designated by the operator as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight, without regard to whether or not he or she is manipulating the controls;
"Pilot-in-command under supervision" means a co-pilot performing the duties and functions of a PIC under the supervision of the PIC in accordance with a method of supervision acceptable to the Authority;
"Special VFR flight" means a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to fly within a control zone under meteorological conditions below the visual meteorological conditions;
"Student-pilot-in-command": See “pilot-in-command-under-supervision”;
"Terminal control area (TMA)" means a control area established at the confluence of air traffic service routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes as published in an AIP, AIC or NOTAM and designated as a terminal control area;
"Tow pilot rating" means the rating required by a pilot who intends to act as PIC of an aircraft while towing a banner;
"Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)" means atmospheric conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud or ceiling, equal to or better than the minima prescribed for VFR flight in regulation 91.06.21;